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Abstract

Surface-modified electrodes which may be used in electrochemical cells for production of electrical energy comprise an enzyme immobilized on a support. The support consists of at least a monolayer coating of a carbonaceous pyropolymer possessing recurring units containing at least carbon and hydrogen atoms composited on a high surface area refractory inorganic oxide such that the carbonaceous pyropolymer monolayer coating replicates the surface area and macropore volume of the inorganic oxide. The coated support is then treated by impregnation with a water-soluble polyamine followed by contact with a solution of a molar excess of a bifunctional monomeric material to form a copolymer which provides pendant bonding sites. The copolymer is entrapped and adsorbed in the pores of the support material to provide a permanent attachment thereto. The treated support is then contacted with an excess of an enzyme to effect the conjugate attachment of the enzyme to the treated support. The immobilized enzyme will act as a working electrode in the presence of a predetermined substrate such as glucose to provide electrical energy.

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First Claim