Importance

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Abstract

Method and apparatus for cyclic control of both potential and current in electrolysis, called Cyclic, Controlled-potential, controlled current Electrolysis. The method can be used with a two-electrode cell (W and C), or a three-electrode set-up using a reference electrode R to form two half cells. The method involves supplying a controlled current, preferably a constant current, to the W and C electrodes to operate the electrolysis within well-defined upper and lower potential limits. In a first embodiment (called the constant-current, preset-voltage mode), when a predetermined voltage is reached, the current is reversed until a second predetermined voltage is reached. The cycle is then repeated continuously. In a second embodiment (called the preset-voltage, preset-time mode) the current is maintained constant until the predetermined voltage is reached. Then the voltage is maintained constant by reducing the current until a predetermined time of operation has elapsed. Then the current is reversed and the cycle repeats. In the case of both embodiments, the cell operates as above for a preset period of time after which the preset voltage and/or cycle time control is switched with respect to W and C electrodes, the role of the electrodes thus alternating over a longer time period. By this cyclic electrolysis method, improved removal in hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis of urea, uric acid, creatinine and other wastes is achieved. Better electrode surface regeneration, which occurs sequentially while electrolysis is continuous, is obtained. Production of undersirable or toxic substances such as chloramine, hypochlorite, nitrogen oxides, cyanide, ammonia, and the like are prevented. No electrode poisoning is observed. Both in vitro and also in vivo electrolysis is achieved by the method and apparatus of the invention. Physiologic electrolyte balance can be maintained.

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First Claim