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Abstract

Catalysts that include at least one catalytically active element and one helper catalyst can be used to increase the rate or lower the overpotential of chemical reactions. The helper catalyst can simultaneously act as a director molecule, suppressing undesired reactions and thus increasing selectivity toward the desired reaction. These catalysts can be useful for a variety of chemical reactions including, in particular, the electrochemical conversion of CO₂ or formic acid. The catalysts can also suppress H₂ evolution, permitting electrochemical cell operation at potentials below RHE. Chemical processes and devices using the catalysts are also disclosed, including processes to produce CO, OH⁻, HCO⁻, H₂CO, (HCO₂)⁻, H₂CO₂, CH₃OH, CH₄, C₂H₄, CH₃CH₂OH, CH₃COO⁻, CH₃COOH, C₂H₆, O₂, H₂, (COOH)₂, or (COO⁻)₂, and a specific device, namely, a CO₂ sensor.

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First Claim